bcachefs: Ensure buffered writes write as much as they can

This adds a new helper, bch2_folio_reservation_get_partial(), which
reserves as many blocks as possible and may return partial success.

__bch2_buffered_write() is switched to the new helper - this fixes
fstests generic/275, the write until -ENOSPC test.

generic/230 now fails: this appears to be a test bug, where xfs_io isn't
looping after a partial write to get the error code.

Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@linux.dev>